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Publication analysis
Returns to Investment in Education A Decennial Review of the Global Literature
5 selected findings · 7 of 7 quotations matched
Source passages
7Returned quotations from the admitted text projection. Select a field citation to locate its referenced passage.
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: page 1
Policy Research Working Paper 8402 Returns to Investment in Education A Decennial Review of the Global Literature George Psacharopoulos Harry Antony Patrinos Education Global Practice April 2018
Proposed printed page: 1
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: page 2
This paper is a product of the Education Global Practice. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world.
Proposed printed page: 2
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: page 2
This paper reviews and highlights the latest trends and patterns based on a database of 1,120 estimates in 139 countries. The review shows that the private average global rate of return to one extra year of schooling is about 9 percent a year and very stable over decades.
Proposed printed page: 2
Quotation: matched · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: page 7-8
The coefficient on years of schooling of the basic Mincerian function gives an overall picture of the returns to education. Based on 705 estimates, over the years 1950 to 2014, the private rate of return to an additional year of schooling is 8.8 percent
Proposed printed page: 5-6
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: page 9
Table 1: Years of schooling and returns over time Period Mean years of schooling Overall Mincerian rate of return (%) Number of studies Pre 2000 7.8 8.7 511 Post 2000 8.6 9.1 194
Proposed printed page: 7
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: page 11
Table 2: Private Returns to Schooling by Income Group Country income level Overall rate of return (%) Mean years of schooling Low 9.3 5.0 Middle 9.2 7.0 High 8.2 9.2 World average 8.8 8.0 Notes: Country per capita income levels based on World Bank (2016) classifications in 2015 US$: low = $1045 or less; middle = $1046-$12,735; high = $12,736 or more
Proposed printed page: 9
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: page 13
Based on 166 estimates using the full discounting method, the returns to schooling fall by level of economic development (see Table 4).
Proposed printed page: 11
Economic context
1 / 5research estimate · proposed mapping
private rate of return to an additional year of schooling
Reported expression: 8.8. Assignment: reported.
Reference period: 1950 to 2014 · Unit: percent
Original generated description
Global Average Mincerian Private Rate of Return to Schooling (1950–2014)
Based on 705 estimates over the years 1950 to 2014, the overall private rate of return to an additional year of schooling is 8.8 percent.
Structured-field presentation; field attribution and economic meaning are not independently validated.
- Subject
- years of schooling of the basic Mincerian functionreported · proposedSource: e4
- Outcome
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- Reported expression
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- Count role
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- Reference period
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- Estimator
- basic Mincerian functionreported · proposedSource: e4
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not inspected
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This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
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This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
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- Based on compilation summary of 705 Mincerian estimates across 1950-2014; underlying studies differ in sample and methodology.
AI-generated interpretation. Matched quotations establish text locations; economic validity and publisher attribution remain unverified.
The saved source receipt reports a durable archive. An older generated limitation below says request-scoped. That historical text is preserved in the original download.
Source and processing receipt: 2 passed · 1 partial
Source, document identity and inspected coverage
- Supplied document
- R02.pdf
- Input
- Uploaded file
- Inspected surface
- application/pdf; 25 physical PDF pages
- Source bytes SHA-256
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- Source retention
- Source bytes and inspected text are archived with immutable generations and hashes.
- Document kind
- Policy Research Working Paperreported · proposedSource: e1
- Inspected edition
- 8402reported · proposedSource: e1
- Study
- Returns to Investment in Education A Decennial Review of the Global Literaturereported · proposedSource: e1
- Authors
- George Psacharopoulos Harry Antony Patrinosreported · proposedSource: e1
- Publication time
- April 2018reported · proposedSource: e1
- Report
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Selected findings are not an exhaustive inventory. Publisher authority and semantic mappings are not established by this analysis.
- Physical PDF page indices differ from printed page labels. Text order and table header/note association are not independently validated.
- The native PDF is supplied to Gemini. Figure, scan and layout interpretations without matched text anchors remain unverified.
APPLICATION SCHEMA: passed
Tool arguments match the versioned draft schema, field scopes and knowledge-state invariants.
SOURCE ANCHORS: passed
7 of 7 quotations uniquely match the admitted text projection. This checks location, not meaning.
FIELD SUPPORT: partial
2 populated finding fields lack matched literal/source support. Field attribution, table association and entailment are not assessed.
openucem.publication-record/0.3.0 · Gemini · gemini-3.8-flash
2026-11-01T06:23:39.469Z · 1 model request
- Selected findings are not an exhaustive inventory. Publisher authority and semantic mappings are not established by this analysis.
- Physical PDF page indices differ from printed page labels. Text order and table header/note association are not independently validated.
- The native PDF is supplied to Gemini. Figure, scan and layout interpretations without matched text anchors remain unverified.
- Selection limited to major synthesis tables and overarching compilations reported in the working paper text.
- Full underlying micro-data panel of 1,120 country-year estimates is hosted online in Annex 2/3 and not fully printed in the text.
- All assignments are proposed. Matching quotations and tokens do not certify economic meaning, causal claims, independent support or compatibility for calculation.
- Source bytes are request-scoped, not archived. Downloaded hashes and quotations do not guarantee future source recovery.
- Findings and repeated specifications from one publication are potentially dependent. No coefficient conversion, pooling or statistical inference was performed.
Inspect the structured record
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