Publication record

Saved Sun, 01 Nov 2026 06:22:29 GMT

Findings

Source passages

Returned quotations from the admitted text projection. Select a field citation to locate its referenced passage.

Quotation: matched

Proposed locator: p1:c1

Policy Research Working Paper 9347 Who on Earth Can Work from Home? Daniel Garrote Sanchez Nicolas Gomez Parra Caglar Ozden Bob Rijkers Mariana Viollaz Hernan Winkler Development Economics Development Research Group July 2020

Proposed printed page: 1

Quotation: matched

Proposed locator: p2:abstract

This paper presents new estimates of the share of jobs that can be performed from home. The analysis is based on the task content of occupations, their information and commu - nications technology requirements, and the availability of internet access by country and income groupings. Globally, one of every five jobs can be performed from home. The ability to telework is correlated with income. In low-income countries, only one of every 26 jobs can be done from home.

Proposed printed page: 2

Quotation: matched

Proposed locator: p3:header

Who on Earth Can Work from Home? Daniel Garrote Sanchez Nicolas Gomez Parra Caglar Ozden Bob Rijkers Mariana Viollaz Hernan Winkler World Bank

Proposed printed page: 3

Quotation: matched · Referenced by selected finding

Proposed locator: p11:section3

On average, 23.9% of all jobs can be done from home based on the standard DN2020 measure. However, once we account for internet access, this share drops to 18.7%. Put differently, failing to account for internet access would cause us, on average, to overestimate the share of jobs that can be performed from home by almost 30 percent.

Proposed printed page: 9

Quotation: matched

Proposed locator: p12:section3

In low income countries, 10.2% of all jobs are telecommutable. However, only 3.8% of those jobs can be effectively performed from home. The DN2020 measure thus overestimates the number of telecommutable jobs by a factor of almost 3.

Proposed printed page: 10

Quotation: not found

Proposed locator: p31:table1

Table 1: Determinants of having a job that can be performed from home (1/2) Dep. Var: HBW (ONET) Country/Region EU EU EU EU (1) (2) (3) (4) Tertiary 0.443*** 0.438*** (0.009) (0.009) Temporary -0.030*** (0.003) Observations 1,244,093 1,244,093 1,242,384 1,205,261 R-squared 0.008 0.017 0.213 0.257 Region FE NO NO NO YES

No unique location was verified in the admitted text projection. This quotation remains an unverified model proposal.

Proposed printed page: 29

Quotation: matched

Proposed locator: p10:section2

We also use individual data from the most recent (2018) European Labor Force Survey (EU LFS) as well as the labor force surveys from several large countries – Brazil (2017), India (2012), Mexico (2018), and Turkey (2018).

Proposed printed page: 8

Quotation: not found

Proposed locator: p32:table1cont

Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico (1) (2) (3) (4) Tertiary 0.530*** 0.477*** (0.022) (0.020) Temporary -0.099*** (0.007) Observations 75,337 75,337 75,337 75,337 R-squared 0.016 0.024 0.375 0.406 Region FE NO NO NO YES

No unique location was verified in the admitted text projection. This quotation remains an unverified model proposal.

Proposed printed page: 30

Economic context

1 / 5

research estimate · proposed mapping

share of jobs that can be done from home based on the standard DN2020 measure

Reported expression: unresolved.

Unit: %

Numeric text is present, but no reported expression is assigned. Inspect the source; no quantity was inferred from prose.

Original generated description

Global baseline share of jobs that can be performed from home (DN2020 measure)

Across 107 countries available in the ILO database, the standard Dingel and Neiman (2020) measure estimates that an average of 23.9% of all jobs can be performed from home.

Structured-field presentation; field attribution and economic meaning are not independently validated.

Subject: share of jobs that can be done from home based on the standard DN2020 measurereported · proposedSource: e4
Outcome: 23.9%reported · proposedSource: e4
Population: all jobs across 107 countries in the ILO databasereported · proposedSource: e4
Sample count: 107reported · proposedSource: e4
Count role: countriesreported · proposedSource: e4
Unit: %reported · proposedSource: e4

19 unresolved fields

Finding role

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Intervention

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Comparison

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Baseline

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Denominator

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Estimand

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Estimator

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Specification

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Reported expression

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Normalization

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Uncertainty

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Observation unit

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Reference period

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Treatment period

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Geography

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Valuation

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Adjustment

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Rate basis

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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Dependencies and correspondence

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

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not inspected

Calculated as an unweighted or baseline average across 107 countries in the ILO database without adjusting for residential internet access constraints.

AI-generated interpretation. Matched quotations establish text locations; economic validity and publisher attribution remain unverified.

The saved source receipt reports a durable archive. An older generated limitation below says request-scoped. That historical text is preserved in the original download.

Source and processing receipt: 1 passed · 2 partial

Source, document identity and inspected coverage

Supplied document

R01.pdf

Input

Uploaded file

Inspected surface

application/pdf; 36 physical PDF pages

Source bytes SHA-256

caeda3a6ab1150feb8a734e94515f967ae2f1e00e617c07807211b2288c58ff6

Admitted text SHA-256

ed01f6bf773b175ba69a8734f4717935010d8e2910191bd46e4c1ed03e26d572

Source retention

Source bytes and inspected text are archived with immutable generations and hashes.

Study

Who on Earth Can Work from Home?reported · proposedSource: e1 e2

Report

Policy Research Working Paper 9347reported · proposedSource: e1 e2

Publisher

Development Research Group, Development Economics, World Bankreported · proposedSource: e2 e3

Authors

Daniel Garrote Sanchez, Nicolas Gomez Parra, Caglar Ozden, Bob Rijkers, Mariana Viollaz, Hernan Winklerreported · proposedSource: e1 e3

Document kind

Policy Research Working Paperreported · proposedSource: e1 e2

Publication time

July 2020reported · proposedSource: e1

Inspected edition

Unresolvedunresolved · proposed

This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.

not inspected

Selected findings are not an exhaustive inventory. Publisher authority and semantic mappings are not established by this analysis.
Physical PDF page indices differ from printed page labels. Text order and table header/note association are not independently validated.
The native PDF is supplied to Gemini. Figure, scan and layout interpretations without matched text anchors remain unverified.

APPLICATION SCHEMA: passed

Tool arguments match the versioned draft schema, field scopes and knowledge-state invariants.

SOURCE ANCHORS: partial

6 of 8 quotations uniquely match the admitted text projection. This checks location, not meaning.

FIELD SUPPORT: partial

13 populated finding fields lack matched literal/source support. Field attribution, table association and entailment are not assessed.

openucem.publication-record/0.3.0 · Gemini · gemini-3.8-flash

2026-11-01T06:22:55.533Z · 1 model request

Selected findings are not an exhaustive inventory. Publisher authority and semantic mappings are not established by this analysis.
Physical PDF page indices differ from printed page labels. Text order and table header/note association are not independently validated.
The native PDF is supplied to Gemini. Figure, scan and layout interpretations without matched text anchors remain unverified.
Estimates rely on mapping US O*NET task descriptions to ISCO-08 occupational classifications across diverse national economies.
Internet access adjustments use household-level Gallup World Poll data split into top 60% and bottom 40% income brackets rather than occupation-specific connectivity observations.
All assignments are proposed. Matching quotations and tokens do not certify economic meaning, causal claims, independent support or compatibility for calculation.
Source bytes are request-scoped, not archived. Downloaded hashes and quotations do not guarantee future source recovery.
Findings and repeated specifications from one publication are potentially dependent. No coefficient conversion, pooling or statistical inference was performed.

Inspect the structured record

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Discovery coverage and record identity

Record 4556b589e3c41f4bbffc05468bbe0e46

Keyword metadata: 238 of 238 distinct tokens indexed; 0 omitted. Semantic index: ready.

Projection record-summary-001-768-v1: 36 of 146 field lines, 1584 UTF-8 bytes. The complete result remains in the saved record.

Reopening this record does not run publication analysis again.