Publication record
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Publication analysis
Private aviation is making a growing contribution to climate change
5 selected findings · 7 of 7 quotations matched
Source passages
7Returned quotations from the admitted text projection. Select a field citation to locate its referenced passage.
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: page 1, header and title
Private aviation is making a growing contribution to climate change Check for updates Stefan Gössling 1 , Andreas Humpe 2 & Jorge Cardoso Leitão 3
Proposed printed page: 1
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: page 1, footer
Communications Earth & Environment | (2024) 5:666 1
Proposed printed page: 1
Quotation: matched · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: page 2, Results, paragraph 2
A total of 4,301,561 individual fl ights (legs) were made in 2023, with a total fl ight time — not including taxiing — of 6,474,710 hours, or 249 h per aircraft. Weighted for aircraft models, this generated 15.62 Mt CO2 (3.6 t CO2 per fl ight) in direct emissions.
Proposed printed page: 2
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: page 8, Methods, Patterns, paragraph 1
For average emissions of 3632 kg, the CI is 3598 – 3666 kg, with a lower error of 33.88 kg and an upper error of 33.95 kg.
Proposed printed page: 8
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: page 3, Results, Growth trends, paragraph 1
Data for 2019 – 2023 con fi rms PA growth trends for jet numbers (6.45% per year), distances traveled (11.31% per year) and emissions (9.93% per year) (Fig. 10). In total numbers, PA numbers grew by 28.4%, distances fl own by 53.5%, and emissions by 46.0%.
Proposed printed page: 3
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: page 3, Table 2
United States 18,163 68.7% 5.45
Proposed printed page: 3
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: page 8, Table 4
FIFA World Cup 2022 Doha, Hamad 2090 290 199 1846 14.7
Proposed printed page: 8
Economic context
1 / 5research estimate · proposed mapping
direct CO2 emissions in 2023
Reported expression: 15.62 Mt CO2. Assignment: reported.
Finding role: main finding · Reference period: 2023 · Unit: Mt CO2
Original generated description
Global Private Aviation Direct CO2 Emissions in 2023
In 2023, private aviation generated 15.62 Mt CO2 in direct emissions across 4,301,561 flights.
Structured-field presentation; field attribution and economic meaning are not independently validated.
- Finding role
- main findingreported · proposedSource: e3
- Subject
- private aviation direct CO2 emissionsreported · proposedSource: e3
- Outcome
- direct CO2 emissions in 2023reported · proposedSource: e3
- Reported expression
- 15.62 Mt CO2reported · proposedSource: e3
- Unit
- Mt CO2reported · proposedSource: e3
- Reference period
- 2023reported · proposedSource: e3
- Population
- private aircraft in service (25,993 aircraft) conducting 4,301,561 individual flights (legs)reported · proposedSource: e3
- Sample count
- 4,301,561 individual flights (legs)reported · proposedSource: e3
- Geography
- Globalinferred · proposedSource: e3
16 unresolved fields
- Intervention
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Comparison
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Baseline
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Denominator
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Estimand
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Estimator
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Specification
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Normalization
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Uncertainty
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Count role
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Observation unit
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Treatment period
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Valuation
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Adjustment
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Rate basis
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Dependencies and correspondence
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Calculated for aircraft in flight, excluding taxiing or ground emissions.
- Relies on averaged fuel economy values for 72 private aircraft models.
AI-generated interpretation. Matched quotations establish text locations; economic validity and publisher attribution remain unverified.
The saved source receipt reports a durable archive. An older generated limitation below says request-scoped. That historical text is preserved in the original download.
Source and processing receipt: 2 passed · 1 partial
Source, document identity and inspected coverage
- Supplied document
- R06.pdf
- Input
- Uploaded file
- Inspected surface
- application/pdf; 11 physical PDF pages
- Source bytes SHA-256
- 8c711faf96c309fa6aba2504fb6a543a367b074c250a007891b142be168fab93
- Admitted text SHA-256
- d0a5236bad7ae4d8fee9c3d5a6aa2105ee9abb053488ba1a9822af91ff9498d4
- Source retention
- Source bytes and inspected text are archived with immutable generations and hashes.
- Study
- Private aviation is making a growing contribution to climate changereported · proposedSource: e1
- Document kind
- Articlereported · proposedSource: e1
- Authors
- Stefan Gössling, Andreas Humpe & Jorge Cardoso Leitãoreported · proposedSource: e1
- Publication time
- 2024reported · proposedSource: e2
- Report
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Inspected edition
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Publisher
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Selected findings are not an exhaustive inventory. Publisher authority and semantic mappings are not established by this analysis.
- Physical PDF page indices differ from printed page labels. Text order and table header/note association are not independently validated.
- The native PDF is supplied to Gemini. Figure, scan and layout interpretations without matched text anchors remain unverified.
APPLICATION SCHEMA: passed
Tool arguments match the versioned draft schema, field scopes and knowledge-state invariants.
SOURCE ANCHORS: passed
7 of 7 quotations uniquely match the admitted text projection. This checks location, not meaning.
FIELD SUPPORT: partial
4 populated finding fields lack matched literal/source support. Field attribution, table association and entailment are not assessed.
openucem.publication-record/0.3.0 · Gemini · gemini-3.8-flash
2026-11-01T06:25:47.366Z · 1 model request
- Selected findings are not an exhaustive inventory. Publisher authority and semantic mappings are not established by this analysis.
- Physical PDF page indices differ from printed page labels. Text order and table header/note association are not independently validated.
- The native PDF is supplied to Gemini. Figure, scan and layout interpretations without matched text anchors remain unverified.
- Selection of findings is limited to 5 key representative findings covering total emissions, per-flight intensity, growth rate, fleet distribution, and event impact.
- Emissions calculations do not consider taxiing, on-the-ground fuel use, or non-CO2 radiative forcing effects.
- All assignments are proposed. Matching quotations and tokens do not certify economic meaning, causal claims, independent support or compatibility for calculation.
- Source bytes are request-scoped, not archived. Downloaded hashes and quotations do not guarantee future source recovery.
- Findings and repeated specifications from one publication are potentially dependent. No coefficient conversion, pooling or statistical inference was performed.
Inspect the structured record
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Record 4b2c4e287bb064fde532a0968081eb34
Keyword metadata: 170 of 170 distinct tokens indexed; 0 omitted. Semantic index: ready.
Projection record-summary-001-768-v1: 38 of 145 field lines, 1595 UTF-8 bytes. The complete result remains in the saved record.
Reopening this record does not run publication analysis again.