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Can rising labor costs boost private sector R&D investment? : Evidence from a survey of Chinese private firms
4 selected findings · 5 of 10 quotations matched
Source passages
10Returned quotations from the admitted text projection. Select a field citation to locate its referenced passage.
Quotation: matched · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p1
RESEARCH ARTICLE Can rising labor costs boost private sector R&D investment? : Evidence from a survey of Chinese private firms Chuyao DengID 1 * , Yang LiuID 2 , Doudou Gu 2
Proposed printed page: 1
Quotation: matched · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p1
This paper constructs a double difference model (DID) based on the China Private Enter- prise Survey (CPES) data over the period 1995–2019, combined with the 2005 national cen- sus data and considering the policy shock of the implementation of the Chinese government’s Minimum Wage Regulation in March 2004
Proposed printed page: 1
Quotation: matched · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p8
(3) the treatment group was enterprises in provinces (cities and districts) where the proportion of 2 enterprises in provinces (cities and districts) where the proportion of adolescent workers aged 0–24 to the total workforce is at the median and above, and the control group is enterprises in provinces (cities and districts) where the proportion of adolescent workers aged 20–24 to the total workforce is at the median and below
Proposed printed page: 8
Quotation: matched · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p8
In the specific application and interpretation, this paper will give priority to the full sample data, i.e., the (1), (3), and (5) groups of samples.
Proposed printed page: 8
Quotation: not found · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p7
yict ¼ b 0 þ b 1 treat þ b 2 period þ b 3 treat period þ a 1 Z ict þ a 2 Cct þ ε i ð 1 Þ where the dependent variable yict denotes the innovation of firm i in the province (municipal- ity, district) in year t, measured by R&D expenditures, and will be in logarithmic form. β 1 Denotes the gap between the treatment and control groups, β 2 means the impact over time, and β 3 denotes the effects due to the implementation of the Minimum Wage Regulation
No unique location was verified in the admitted text projection. This quotation remains an unverified model proposal.
Proposed printed page: 7
Quotation: matched · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p11
Finally, in the regressions, considering the multicolli- nearity problem, this paper takes 2003, the year closest to implementing the Minimum Wage Regulation, as the reference year.
Proposed printed page: 11
Quotation: not found · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p10
Treatment group: 20-24-year-olds in the workforce account for more than a fraction (3) 50–100% Treat period 0.240 (0.115) ... Observed value 21855
No unique location was verified in the admitted text projection. This quotation remains an unverified model proposal.
Proposed printed page: 10
Quotation: not found · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p10
Note: The superscripts , , and represent significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively, and standard errors are in parentheses.
No unique location was verified in the admitted text projection. This quotation remains an unverified model proposal.
Proposed printed page: 10
Quotation: not found
Proposed locator: p14
All private industrial enterprises (1) Treat period 0.34 (0.418) Observed value 8495 Above-scale private industrial enterprises (3) Treat period 0.459 (0.1159) Observed value 5685 Private industrial enterprises under the scale (5) Treat period -0.241 (0.149) Observed value 2954
No unique location was verified in the admitted text projection. This quotation remains an unverified model proposal.
Proposed printed page: 14
Quotation: not found
Proposed locator: p14
Note: The superscripts , , and represent significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively, and standard errors are in parentheses.
No unique location was verified in the admitted text projection. This quotation remains an unverified model proposal.
Proposed printed page: 14
Economic context
1 / 4research estimate · proposed mapping
innovation of firm i in the province (municipality, district) in year t, measured by R&D expenditures, and will be in logarithmic form
Reported expression: 0.240. Assignment: reported.
Finding role: research_estimate · Comparison: provinces (cities and districts) where the proportion of adolescent workers aged 20–24 to the total workforce is at the median and below · Baseline: 2003, the year closest to implementing the Minimum Wage Regulation, as the reference year · Intervention: implementation of the Chinese government’s Minimum Wage Regulation in March 2004
Table source links
Standard errors clustered at provincial level reported in parentheses; significance levels denoted by superscripts.
Original generated description
Impact of Minimum Wage Regulation on Log R&D Expenditure (Full Sample, Age 20-24 Median Cutoff)
In a DID specification using the 50-100% median threshold for workers aged 20-24, the Treat * period interaction coefficient on log R&D expenditure for Chinese private firms is 0.240 (se: 0.115, p < 0.01).
Structured-field presentation; field attribution and economic meaning are not independently validated.
- Finding role
- research_estimatereported · proposedSource: e2
- Outcome
- innovation of firm i in the province (municipality, district) in year t, measured by R&D expenditures, and will be in logarithmic formreported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e2e5
- Intervention
- implementation of the Chinese government’s Minimum Wage Regulation in March 2004reported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e2e5
- Comparison
- provinces (cities and districts) where the proportion of adolescent workers aged 20–24 to the total workforce is at the median and belowreported · proposedSource: e3e4
- Baseline
- 2003, the year closest to implementing the Minimum Wage Regulation, as the reference yearreported · proposedSource: e6
- Estimand
- β 3 denotes the effects due to the implementation of the Minimum Wage Regulation after controlling for time trends and the effect of the treatment and control groupsreported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e5
- Reported expression
- 0.240reported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e7
- Uncertainty
- (0.115)reported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e7
- Population
- Chinese private firms across all industriesreported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e2e7
- Sample count
- 21855reported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e7
- Observation unit
- firmreported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e5
12 unresolved fields
- Subject
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Denominator
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Specification
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Unit
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Normalization
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Count role
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Reference period
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Treatment period
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Valuation
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Adjustment
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Rate basis
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Dependencies and correspondence
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Standard deviations are clustered to the provincial level.
AI-generated interpretation. Matched quotations establish text locations; economic validity and publisher attribution remain unverified.
Source and processing receipt: 2 passed · 3 partial
Source, document identity and inspected coverage
- Supplied document
- Chinese private firms labor costs and R&D (PLOS One).pdf
- Input
- Uploaded file
- Inspected surface
- application/pdf; 20 physical PDF pages
- Source bytes SHA-256
- 41974a484e8b582fe656aadaa49872883c5f0c1ef0e1b054808a7b380e07c419
- Admitted text SHA-256
- 04a7ce563ddfd03795285151f8bed4a4e7230daf64d6eb068e23d5329e440e0a
- Source retention
- Source bytes and inspected text are archived with immutable generations and hashes.
- Study
- Can rising labor costs boost private sector R&D investment? : Evidence from a survey of Chinese private firmsreported · proposedSource: e1
- Document kind
- RESEARCH ARTICLEreported · proposedSource: e1
- Authors
- Chuyao Deng, Yang Liu, Doudou Gureported · proposedSource: e1
- Publisher
- PLOS ONEreported · proposedSource: e1
- Publication time
- August 4, 2022reported · proposedSource: e1
- Report
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Inspected edition
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Selected findings are not an exhaustive inventory. Publisher authority and semantic mappings are not established by this analysis.
- Physical PDF page indices differ from printed page labels. Text order and table header/note association are not independently validated.
- The native PDF is supplied to Gemini. Figure, scan and layout interpretations without matched text anchors remain unverified.
APPLICATION SCHEMA: passed
Tool arguments match the versioned draft schema, field scopes and knowledge-state invariants.
SOURCE ANCHORS: partial
5 of 10 quotations uniquely match the admitted text projection. This checks location, not meaning.
FIELD SUPPORT: partial
34 populated finding fields lack matched literal/source support. Field attribution, table association and entailment are not assessed.
TABLE CONTEXT LINKS: partial
0 of 4 declared table findings have matched value, row, column and note links without a disclosed limitation. This does not check that roles were assigned correctly or that all table findings were declared.
EXPRESSION PLACEMENT: passed
Numeric prose beside an unassigned expression is disclosed in the structured view. This is a completeness control, not numeric extraction or semantic validation.
openucem.publication-record/0.3.0 · Gemini · gemini-3.8-flash
2026-11-03T00:31:02.785Z · 1 model request
- Selected findings are not an exhaustive inventory. Publisher authority and semantic mappings are not established by this analysis.
- Physical PDF page indices differ from printed page labels. Text order and table header/note association are not independently validated.
- The native PDF is supplied to Gemini. Figure, scan and layout interpretations without matched text anchors remain unverified.
- Selected findings are restricted to baseline DID model estimates across enterprise types in Tables 3 and 5.
- Discrepancy noted between text discussion mentioning 0.348 and Table 5 displaying 0.34 for private industrial enterprises overall.
- All assignments are proposed. Matching quotations and tokens do not certify economic meaning, causal claims, independent support or compatibility for calculation.
- Source bytes and inspected text are archived with immutable generations and hashes. Retention does not verify publisher authority or economic meaning.
- Findings and repeated specifications from one publication are potentially dependent. No coefficient conversion, pooling or statistical inference was performed.
Inspect the structured record
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Projection record-summary-001-768-v1: 22 of 122 field lines, 1576 UTF-8 bytes. The complete result remains in the saved record.
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