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Unequal gains from remote work during COVID-19 between spouses: Evidence from longitudinal data in Singapore
5 selected findings · 3 of 8 quotations matched
Source passages
8Returned quotations from the admitted text projection. Select a field citation to locate its referenced passage.
Quotation: not found · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p1
RESEARCH ARTICLE Unequal gains from remote work during COVID-19 between spouses: Evidence from longitudinal data in Singapore Zeewan Lee 1 *, Poh Lin Tan2 , Jie-Sheng Tan-Soo1 1 Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, 2 Institute of Policy Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore * zeewan.lee@nus.edu.sg
No unique location was verified in the admitted text projection. This quotation remains an unverified model proposal.
Proposed printed page: 1 / 31
Quotation: matched · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p9
In the end, our final sample consisted of 4,308 person-wave observations in an unbalanced panel with 384 men (in waves 1–5, with a subsequent exclusion of 3 respondents in wave 6) and 335 women (in waves 1–5, with a subsequent exclusion of 3 respondents in wave 6)—all of whom were married and employed during the entire 6 waves.
Proposed printed page: 9 / 31
Quotation: matched · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p12
Monthly income (SGD) for everyone 5471.35 † 5409.72 † 5761.15 † 4197.76 4195.52 4382.53
Proposed printed page: 12 / 31
Quotation: not found · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p14
Yits = β0 + β1 (Remoteits)+ β2 (Lockdownt)+ β3 (Remoteits)(Lockdownt) + β4 (PostLockdownt)+ β5 (Remoteits)(PostLockdownt) + Xitβ6 + λi + δt + γs +(δt ∗ γs)+ ∈its, (1)
No unique location was verified in the admitted text projection. This quotation remains an unverified model proposal.
Proposed printed page: 14 / 31
Quotation: not found · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p18
Table 4. Effects of Remote Work Arrangements on Hourly Wage, Monthly Income, and Monthly Work Hours. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Y=Hourly Wage Y=Monthly Income Y=Monthly Hours Worked All Male Female All Male Female All Male Female (reference=Pre-Lockdown) Working Remotely x Lockdown 8.43*** 7.24* 8.73* 272.34** 387.43** 65.97 † -9.54** -6.99 -12.98** (3.14) (3.71) (5.18) (106.74) (178.28) (120.13) (3.72) (5.11) (5.21) Working Remotely x Post- lockdown 14.78*** 20.04** 12.20** 267.06* 446.42** 52.52 † -34.87*** -20.61* -49.34*** (4.83) (8.81) (5.78) (148.84) (226.18) (185.72) (9.49) (11.12) (15.15)
No unique location was verified in the admitted text projection. This quotation remains an unverified model proposal.
Proposed printed page: 18 / 31
Quotation: not found · Referenced by selected finding
Proposed locator: p19
More specifically, we see that the male WFH workers earned greater monthly salary income by SGD $387.43 during the lockdown and by SGD $446.42 in the post-lockdown period, compared to the male non-WFH workers in the respective periods—net of fixed individual traits and occupation- and wave-specific confounding (column 5). For women, no significant income differences were found between WFH and non-WFH groups during these periods (column 6).These gender differences were statistically significant.
No unique location was verified in the admitted text projection. This quotation remains an unverified model proposal.
Proposed printed page: 19 / 31
Quotation: matched
Proposed locator: p20
Spending one more minute every hour in chores for female WFH workers lead to a decrease in monthly income by SGD $88.26 during lockdown, and further by SGD $125.98 during post-lockdown (column 6, panel B).
Proposed printed page: 20 / 31
Quotation: not found
Proposed locator: p22
Panel B: Role of Chores (minutes/hr) Remote x Lockdown x Chores -0.58 0.92 -2.28** -78.52* 22.48 -88.26*,† 0.01 0.03 2.39 (0.97) (2.08) (1.00) (47.35) (102.78) (44.89) (1.77) (2.64) (2.26) Remote x Post-Lockdown x Chores -1.63 2.72 -4.14** -125.99** -44.03 -125.98**,† -4.41 -2.57 -0.24 (2.62) (8.08) (1.82) (61.89) (127.14) (58.13) (5.94) (7.39) (7.62)
No unique location was verified in the admitted text projection. This quotation remains an unverified model proposal.
Proposed printed page: 22 / 31
Economic context
1 / 5research estimate · proposed mapping
Monthly Income
Reported expression: 387.43. Assignment: reported.
Reference period: Pre-Lockdown (between April-July 2018 and December 2019) · Treatment period: Lockdown (March and June 2020) · Intervention: Working Remotely x Lockdown · Unit: SGD
Original generated description
Effect of Remote Work on Male Monthly Salary Income During Lockdown
In difference-in-differences estimation, married male workers adopting full remote work arrangements experienced an estimated monthly salary income gain of SGD 387.43 during lockdown relative to non-remote male workers.
Structured-field presentation; field attribution and economic meaning are not independently validated.
- Intervention
- Working Remotely x Lockdownreported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e18e19
- Population
- Married and employed males in Singaporereported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e9e18
- Reference period
- Pre-Lockdown (between April-July 2018 and December 2019)reported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e18
- Treatment period
- Lockdown (March and June 2020)reported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e18
- Sample count
- 2301reported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e18
- Estimator
- Difference-in-differences (DID) with individual fixed effects, occupation fixed effects, time fixed effects, and occupation-specific time trendsreported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e14e18
- Reported expression
- 387.43reported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e18
- Uncertainty
- (178.28)reported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e18
14 unresolved fields
- Finding role
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Subject
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Comparison
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Baseline
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Denominator
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Estimand
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Specification
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Normalization
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Count role
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Observation unit
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Valuation
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Adjustment
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Rate basis
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Dependencies and correspondence
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Outcome measured using midpoints of income brackets with top bracket replaced with SGD 15,000.
- Indirect reporting on male spouses by female survey respondents.
AI-generated interpretation. Matched quotations establish text locations; economic validity and publisher attribution remain unverified.
The saved source receipt reports a durable archive. An older generated limitation below says request-scoped. That historical text is preserved in the original download.
Source and processing receipt: 1 passed · 2 partial
Source, document identity and inspected coverage
- Supplied document
- R04.pdf
- Input
- Uploaded file
- Inspected surface
- application/pdf; 31 physical PDF pages
- Source bytes SHA-256
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- Admitted text SHA-256
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- Source retention
- Source bytes and inspected text are archived with immutable generations and hashes.
- Document kind
- RESEARCH ARTICLEreported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e1
- Study
- Unequal gains from remote work during COVID-19 between spouses: Evidence from longitudinal data in Singaporereported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e1
- Authors
- Zeewan Lee, Poh Lin Tan, Jie-Sheng Tan-Sooreported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e1
- Publisher
- PLOS Onereported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e1
- Publication time
- May 20, 2025reported · proposed · source support incompleteSource: e1
- Report
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Inspected edition
- Unresolvedunresolved · proposed
This field was not supplied by the extractor. This does not establish absence from the publication.
not inspected
- Selected findings are not an exhaustive inventory. Publisher authority and semantic mappings are not established by this analysis.
- Physical PDF page indices differ from printed page labels. Text order and table header/note association are not independently validated.
- The native PDF is supplied to Gemini. Figure, scan and layout interpretations without matched text anchors remain unverified.
APPLICATION SCHEMA: passed
Tool arguments match the versioned draft schema, field scopes and knowledge-state invariants.
SOURCE ANCHORS: partial
3 of 8 quotations uniquely match the admitted text projection. This checks location, not meaning.
FIELD SUPPORT: partial
55 populated finding fields lack matched literal/source support. Field attribution, table association and entailment are not assessed.
openucem.publication-record/0.3.0 · Gemini · gemini-3.8-flash
2026-11-01T06:24:54.843Z · 1 model request
- Selected findings are not an exhaustive inventory. Publisher authority and semantic mappings are not established by this analysis.
- Physical PDF page indices differ from printed page labels. Text order and table header/note association are not independently validated.
- The native PDF is supplied to Gemini. Figure, scan and layout interpretations without matched text anchors remain unverified.
- The sample is non-probabilistic and restricted to continuously employed married individuals across six waves.
- Information regarding male spouses was collected indirectly via female respondents.
- Monthly income is derived from bracket mid-points rather than continuous earnings data.
- All assignments are proposed. Matching quotations and tokens do not certify economic meaning, causal claims, independent support or compatibility for calculation.
- Source bytes are request-scoped, not archived. Downloaded hashes and quotations do not guarantee future source recovery.
- Findings and repeated specifications from one publication are potentially dependent. No coefficient conversion, pooling or statistical inference was performed.
Inspect the structured record
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"quote": "RESEARCH ARTICLE Unequal gains from remote work during COVID-19 between spouses: Evidence from longitudinal data in Singapore Zeewan Lee 1 *, Poh Lin Tan2 , Jie-Sheng Tan-Soo1 1 Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, 2 Institute of Policy Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore * zeewan.lee@nus.edu.sg",
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"quote": "Table 4. Effects of Remote Work Arrangements on Hourly Wage, Monthly Income, and Monthly Work Hours. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Y=Hourly Wage Y=Monthly Income Y=Monthly Hours Worked All Male Female All Male Female All Male Female (reference=Pre-Lockdown) Working Remotely x Lockdown 8.43*** 7.24* 8.73* 272.34** 387.43** 65.97 † -9.54** -6.99 -12.98** (3.14) (3.71) (5.18) (106.74) (178.28) (120.13) (3.72) (5.11) (5.21) Working Remotely x Post- lockdown 14.78*** 20.04** 12.20** 267.06* 446.42** 52.52 † -34.87*** -20.61* -49.34*** (4.83) (8.81) (5.78) (148.84) (226.18) (185.72) (9.49) (11.12) (15.15)",
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Record fafce8edc3b451d18973a7ad7b59228e
Keyword metadata: 278 of 278 distinct tokens indexed; 0 omitted. Semantic index: ready.
Projection record-summary-001-768-v1: 34 of 146 field lines, 1573 UTF-8 bytes. The complete result remains in the saved record.
Reopening this record does not run publication analysis again.